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Process Pendle Witches

witchcraft process held in Pendle, Lancashire, England, was one of the most notorious of the phenomenon of witch hunts in Europe. Involved, hangmen and the townspeople are marked by history, because of the insane chase the West suffered during the seventeenth century.

Well start by introducing the two families involved, who represent half of the defendants in the trial (12 people). On the one hand, the family had Southerns or Demdike, headed by the mother, Elizabeth Southerns, daughter Elizabeth Device, and grandchildren James and Alizon Device. Moreover the family was led by Anne Whittle or Chattox and her daughter Anne Redfern. Both heads of family were very old women, who may spend 60 years of age. Along with these two families have the following names: Jane Bulcock and her son John Bulcock, Alice Nutter, Katherine Hewitt, Alice Gray and Jennet Preston.

So misfortunes began to happen. In the village of Pendle, the two matriarchs were considered reputed witches, and apparently not denied it. In 1612, both families were charged with theft of one another, and to protect it accused each other of witchcraft. People around seconded the allegations saying they had caused illness. The first to be charged was Alizon Device.

Alizon was convinced of his powers and be admitted without much hesitation servant of the devil. His brother and mother, but were drawn to her. The brother was very reluctant to admit that his sister bewitched children and their mother accused Demdike old (his mother) to be a witch.

The old Demdike another family accused of practicing witchcraft, for old grudges and old charges that did not pass the walls of the town. But the family also spent Chattox justice. Mother and daughter were charged with modeling clay figures and hurt some people with his magic.

Before being sentenced, the two families met in April 1612, along with a woman named Jennet Preston, Yorkshire reputed witch to try to settle conflicts before dying all at the stake for witchcraft. That meeting was seen as a Sabbath with all rules, and did not take long to catch and convict those involved.

With so many accusations, it was difficult to bring all these people to trial and convicted of witchcraft doubtful. In this process, 12 people were charged, and of these, 10 were executed. One died in prison awaiting execution, and the last was found guilty years later.

Interestingly, it was written a lengthy document called The Wonderful Discoveries of Witches in the Countie of Lancaster, but the occasion was worth it, because the judgments Lanchashire represent 2% of the trials and executions for witchcraft in England three centuries. Rarely tried so many people at once. But the power of the properties and assets, the jealousies between clans and the confessions of some members ended what appeared to be a duel between families as a massive manhunt, involving more and more people.

LINKS:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendle_witches

http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/j/p/jpj1/witch.htm

http://www.pendlewitches.co.uk/

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Thanks to all the followers of this blog, which began as an urgent need to express myself, and it has slowly taking shape. I can hardly believe I have so many visits, and I thank each of them.

As you can imagine, I do not celebrate the winter solstice, but I give great importance to the full moon this month, which falls on day 31, and is, in fact, the thirteenth (Blue Moon) of the year. But part of my ancestors, they celebrated the Catalan party concerned. I like the feeling of belonging that is created with this event, which restores the clan, even hypocritical for a single night, but we sense that it is possible that the clan is there where we want it to be.

kindle, then, a candle in the longest night of the year, remember that the sun should shine, from this day a little more. Will decorate a tree, and honor him with gifts, at the most critical nature. That itch you had as a kid, Recover it, a magical night, and so are the days that follow. Look at the unconscious rituals continue to develop without knowing.

Seize the calm and enjoy it, because parties are only lets us know how they did before, without the stress sickening and senseless we suffer today.

A hug.

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Happy winter solstice Tio de Nadal in Catalonia

Nadal's uncle in Catalonia

century engraving XVIII with children and the uncle.

Tió popular tradition brings every December 25-even in the winter solstice celebration, thousands of families around a piece of log or "soca" they call Tio, preserved a tradition that probably has roots in a tree worship of antiquity.

Nadal's uncle there, so documented in Catalonia since the seventeenth century (although it was always said that before). This form of celebration is very similar to other winter religious celebrations like the Yul log in Germanic countries, albeit in a somewhat different. In fact, traditionally, the guy was of oak and oak woods great sacred power connector.

Today, the guy is painted face and wears a beret and a pipe, is given to eat during from December 8 (fresh fruit) and covered with a blanket. The fruit is disappearing every day. On December 24 evening, the parents put sweets and small gifts under the blanket, wet soca wine, give some canes to children children and hit the trunk singing a song, and then lifted the blanket to find gifts.

Tió Song (Catalan)

Caga tió -thio- shit

Ametller i Torres -almendras and Turrones

- not shit arangades -no shit herring

that are too salty , which are Demasiado salados

shits nougat -shits Turrones

are better , which are more buenos

Shits piñata -shits piñata

almonds and nougat -almond nougat

if vols cagar -if you want shit

et enough to donate a cop of -stroke will give you a stick !

But the real rite was not as innocent as this. In antiquity, it is known that the trunk was burned on 25 December to 5 January, and her ashes and kept for home remedies and as a protective amulet. The first fire was lit year from the ashes of Tio, so the solstice flame is not extinguished and renewed forever. Food offerings and prayers were perpetuators of ancestor worship, and family preservation, and its called remember the ancestors. In fact, the ritual was condemned by the Bishop of Braga in the seventh century (!!!). In Provence is a variant of the ritual based on giving 3 turns to the house with the soca and hot wine sprinkled with reciting a prayer.

kind of guy with animal forms

celebrations around the trunk are not unique to Catalonia, as already mentioned, since they are reminiscent of the cult of trees as responsible for nurturing the community. When it is a form of ancestor worship, in which offerings to the "soca" serve to ensure protection family during the year. It has been speculated about the nature of this celebration as an antecedent of imports probably Germanic "Christmas tree", and is very likely to do so, because its presence enCataluña predates the tree, is socially and culturally seen as more " own ", and has internalized so much that it have a song itself.

Unfortunately, the guy can not only compete with the classical Germanic tradition fir, and in a few generations will be lost if nothing is done about it. And it's something to keep in mind that over time he has been given so human endeavor that continues to be a trunk, and both denatured source, which has become a mere anecdote of something that was probably true primordial origin of the "Christmas tree" in the territory.

Encyclopedia of Popular fantasy Catalan - Joan Soler i Amigó

Wikipedia

pictures.